SECOND PARTIAL!

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Reflection

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My favorite topic of this partial is "Johari's Window". I like it because it helps me to know more about myself, show me different ways to analyze me. I believe that Johari's Window is an important visual diagram which can help us to open ourselves, with his "Open area" that everyone can see, the "Blind area" where others told us thing unknown of us. "Hidden area" and "Unknown area" are very interested quadrants of this window, with them you can learn deep things about you, expose your beliefs of thoughts.
Personally I think this partial was very fast, but I really enjoyed it :)

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Johari's window

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• "Johari's Window" is a simple and useful tool for  understanding and training self awareness, personal development,  improving communications, interpersonal relationships, group dynamics, team development and intergroup relationships.
• It was developed by American psychologists  Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham in the  1950's.
• With this diagram people can build trust among themselves by disclosing information about them.
• They can learn about themselves knowing personal issues with the help of feedback form others

The Johari's window is about:

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Assertiveness

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¿What do you do when you have a problem? ¿In which way do you response?
The best way to react is the Assertiveness which is the ability to:
-Express your thoughts in an appropriate moment
-Choose how to react.
-Raise your self-esteem and  help to develop self-confidence.
-Ask other to change their bad behavior and disagree when it is important.   

There are three different conducts:

• Passive: 
  GOALS:
  √ He/She seek to appease everyone; to avoid conflicts.
  IMPLICATIONS:
  ✖He/She violates her/his own rights.
  ✖He/She will not express her/his thoughts, feelings, or beliefs; if they do it they expresses them timidly.
  ✖Easily disregarded by others.
  
  
• Assertive:
  GOALS:
  √ Use in a good way the communication.
  √ Give and receive respect.
  √ Use fairness: allowing opportunities for agreements.
  IMPLICATIONS:√ He/She defends own rights.
  √ Express all her/his feelings, beliefs and thoughts in an appropriate way.
  √ Will never violate others' rights.

• Aggressive:
  GOALS:
  √ He/She dominate and win.
  √ Defend his or her own rights.
  √ Express her/ his thoughts directly but no sincerely. 
• IMPLICATIONS:
  ✖ Forced the other person to lose.
  ✖ Violates the right of others.
  ✖ Inappropriate beliefs.
  ✖Gains: Humiliating, degrading, dominating and despising.
  ✖ Weaken others and make it harder for them to defend themselves and express their ideas

✩Attack: instinctive response
✩Retreat: instinctive response
✩Critical Thinking: rational response

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Communication

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¿What is communication? It is two-way process of reaching mutual understanding, in which participants not only exchange (encode-decode) information, news, ideas and feelings but also create and share meaning.

EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION:
Active listening: People listen carefully what they are hearing.
Effective feedback: Respond to the sender, clarifying ideas and giving constructive opinions.
You should be clear and don't mix the messages with others.

CATEGORIES OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION: 

• Distance: Being physically close to another person helps to have intimate and positive conversations.
  -Intimate distance: (45 cms.)  It’s used between the family, close friends and loved ones.
  -Personal distance: (45 cms. - 1.20 mts). It’s  for friendships, conversations and discussions.
  -Social distance: (1.20 mts. - 3.60 mts.) Used for impersonal and work related relationships.
  -Public distance: (3.60 mts. and on) The zone to talk to a classroom or an audience, etc. 

• Posture: I's important to know how to use our body to transmit different signals.
  -Hand gestures: The hands send a message of rejection or acceptance.
  -Facial expression and eye contact: To avoid eye contact, shake the head or make facial expressions can help or affect the communication.
  -Voice quality: They "way" or "how" it's said could transmits different emotions.
  -Personal appearance: If you have a clean way of dress, showing you in a well way probably will receive more attention.

ROADBLOCKS TO COMMUNICATION:There are several barriers that prevent communication to flow effectively.

• Limited understanding of people: To base our dialogue in our own needs, disregarding the needs of others.
• One-way communication: When only one speaks and doesn't receive feedback..
• Different interpretation of words (semantic): Different meanings for the same word.
• Mixed signals: When we send contradicted messages, expressing different things from what I'm saying.
• Distortion of information:  Hear other things, what I want to hear.
• Improper timing: Know when to deliver the message. 
• Cultural and language barriers: Many words and symbols have different meanings for different cultures and that can  cause distortions of the message. 

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Groups and organizations

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¿What is a group? Are two or more people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics and collectively have a sense of unity. You should know that not all collections of individuals are social groups.

*Categories: People whith a status in common: teachers, soldiers.

*Crowd: People who are together, but they  interact very little or not at all.

GROUPS:

• Primary Groups:
  -Characteristics: Small, personal, relationships and long lasting.
  -Security relationships. 
  -Assistance of all kinds: Emotional to financial.
  
• Secondary Groups:
  -Characteristics: Large, impersonal and short term.
  -Weak emotional ties between persons.-Members pursue a specific interest or activity.-Networking and career goals.
  
• In-groups:-Social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty.
  
• Out-groups:
  
• -Social group toward which a person feels a sense of  competition or opposition.


• Reference Groups:
  -Groups act as a reference point from which to evaluate oneself.
  
• Group Size:-The size influences how the members interact.-As a group's membership is added, the number of possible relationships increases.
  -DYAD: (2 members) Very intimate and a intensive relationship.
  -TRYAD: (3 members)  Less intimates and more types of interaction are possible.
  
• Social Networks:
  -People identify and interact little with one another.
  
• -Little sense of membership.
• -Occasional contact.
   
• Electronic Communities:
  -People who share their interest in blogs, messages, etc. All of them "
• self-subscribing."

ORGANIZATIONS:

• Formal organizations:  Large secondary groups organized to achieve their goals. (Types: utilitarian, normative or coercive)
  Corporations
  Government 
  Agencies
  
  
• Utilitarian Organizations: It is conformed by people who is payed for their efforts.
  Becoming part of it is a matter of individual choice.
  Business
  Government agencies
  School system
• Normative Organizations: They are voluntary associations: People join to pursue some goals "morally worthwhile".
  Community service groups.
  Political parties.
  Religious organizations.
• Coercive Organizations: They are people forced to join, It is a involuntary membership.
  Usually they are person from the prison or psychiatric hospital, with security precautions like:
  Locked doors, barred windows and the supervision of security personnel.

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Leadership

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When we are in a group we should have rules o someone who guides us. This person can have diferrent styles to leadership, like the next:

• Authoritarian leadership: (give orders). This kind of leader makes decisions independently and demands strict compliance from others. 
• Democratic: (work toward a consensus). Seeks to include all members in the decision-making process. 
• Laissez-faire: (highly permissive). Tend to downplay their power. Allow the group to function on its own. 

These leaders can play two roles:

• Instrumental leadership: This kind of leadership refers to group direction that emphasizes the completion of tasks.
• Expressive leadership: This kind of leadership focuses on collective well-being.

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FIRST PARTIAL!

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Decades

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Times have changed, now we are all different, But despite everything, despite the 100 years that have passed, humans beings still have similar habits and beliefs, they only changes in in the way to express it. I have a collection about my classmates questions here, where we can see the testimony and the point of view of these decades rockers:

Man:"We had a very good education, with love, discipline and good orientation."
Woman: "One of the differences that I see between then and now is the respect, now its lost in many ways, gentleman are no longer gentleman, courtesy and amiability is disappearing, and now we are “all the same”. The fashion has changed a lot, we used the writing machine, technology has improved, they now teach English, when I was in school they started to teach that in 6 grade."

Woman:"We went to concerts of rock and roll  to have fun, that was the fashion in those days, They started at 10pm."
Man:"One of the main differences that I see between now and then is the style of clothes, now the pants are baggy or too tight, the women now dressing clothes low-cut and shorts, when before you cannot imagine that and it was a seen evil. Also I see that the technology us to helped, but at the same harmed, in our time of conviviality with the family and in the dialog between persons."

Man:"I played tennis during the weekends. Go to dances or sweet fifteen parties. Go running, play soccer and football with my friends."
Woman: "The type of education that I received from my parents was authoritarian, especially from my dad and a combination of permissive style from my mom. They gived to me a very strict education, full of norms and rules that I couldn’t break because it was a family tradition." 

 

Woman:"I usually spend some time on a friend’s house, but back in the 80s we spend a lot of time on dances, they rented stereos called tapes and you danced there with a couple of friends, high school partners and neighbors. I lived in a small town so we all knew each other.”
Man:“The most astonishing thing is the advanced technology teens have now. The other things like going out with friends, going to theaters, or parties, I say the teens’ activities haven’t changed at all.”

 

Man: "To have fun, we went to the movies, hanging out with family or friends , but with a set schedule."
Woman:"It was a more strict education , with more rules. If we misbehaved at my house we were punished . One of the punishments I remember most is that they wash our mouth with soap if we said a bad word".

Woman: "I think they are living faster than we were at our time. Most teenagers get drunk or pregnant before college. When I was in high school, those situations were really rare. Boys were the ones drinking before it was acceptable. Until last semester, most people began drinking and smoking, and most of them were 18 years old already, so it was okay. It was not normal to talk about sex, have smartphones, or go home after 1 a.m. Now I think, it is really normal for everyone to have those kinds of conversations and stop asking for permission. "

Men:"I used to have a lot of homework but I finished it to fast because I wanted to play soccer. When I was in high school I was in the volleyball team. I played in the volleyball team cause I was too short to played in the soccer team in the high school."

LETS SEE A VIDEO ABOUT THE EVOLUTION OF THE DANCE OVER THE DECADES!

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Adolescence

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Since you are a fetus you are in constant developing, well, since you're a baby you started to learn things, to interact with your surrounding. But there are an special stage of you life that is full of changes: the Adolescence. It can be separated  in 3 stages: Early adolescence, Middle adolescence and Late adolescence.  The boys and the girls have at different time each stage:

EARLY ADOLESCENCE
11 - 13 years (girls)
12 - 15 years (boys)
MIDDLE ADOLESCENCE
14 - 17 years (girls)
15 - 18 years (boys)
LATE ADOLESCENCE
17 - 19 years (girls)
18 - 21 years (boys)

In each one of these stages, we develop different abilities and habits:

• Physical Growth  (Biological)
  We started with little physical changes till have a physiological development generally complete.
• Peer Relationships (Social)
  We started to have the need of feel identified wit our peers, then we want to feel peer's helping us to develop our identity but at the end the peer group turns less influential. It is replaced by a few good friends.
• Psychological and Emotional Traits
  We started to want everything, we wanted intimacy and turn more emotional and started to have risk behavior, but t the end some of us see those risk behaviors and let it behind, make better decisions and starting to get worry about the future. 
• Cognitive Stage  Some of us started thinking just "logically" neither thinking about the consequences of their acts, but when we reach the late adolescence we have more "adult abilities".
• Self-Concept In this stage we started to see more about ourselves, looking what the others thinks about us, focusing all our attention in that, in our weight, sizes, etc. But our indentity developing continues, in a intensive way,  we turn less concerned about our body as puberty ends.
• Relationship to Parents and Other Adults   We searched for be apart of our parents,  fighting with them, and being rude with their instructions and comments, but over the years we started to appraised them, seeing that they are our best friends and we need to listen them.

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Family types

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There are four patterns of parenting styles based on two aspects of parenting behavior: control and warmth. (Diana Baumrind)

That types of families are the next:

✩Authoritative parents:
The "democratic parents". They are warmth but firm. They encourage their adolescent to be independent while maintaining limits and control on their actions.

✩Authoritarian parents:
They are little warmth and highly controlling. They are strict disciplinarians, use a restrictive, punitive style, and insist that their adolescent follow parental directions.

✩Permissive parents:
They are very warmth, but undemanding. They are indulgent and passive in their parenting, and believe that the way to demonstrate their love is to give up to their adolescent´s wishes.

✩Uninvolved parents:
They aren't warmth and don´t place any demands on their teen. They minimize the interaction time, and, in some cases, are uninvolved to the point of being neglectful.

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Personality

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The complex of all the attributes (behavioral, mental, emotional and temperamental) that characterizes and individual and makes him/his unique.

Theories of personality.

✩Sigmund Freud:  Basic Human Needs  

• CONSCIOUS MIND: Aware of any moment.
• PRECONSCIOUS MIND: Anything that can easily be made conscious.
• UNCONSCIOUS MIND: Thing not easily available to awareness, including our drives or instincts
• ID: (The human being basic drives) It's unconscious and he/she demands immediate satisfaction.
• EGO: A person conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure seeking drive with demands of society (Rules, moral)
• SUPEREGO: The operation of culture with the individual in the form of internalized values and norms (Satisfy desires within the moral)

✩Erik Erickson: Stages of Psychosocial Development

"Changes through the life course"

• INFANCY: trust vs. mistrust 
• TODDLERHOOD: autonomy vs. doubt and shame 
• PRESCHOOL: initiative vs. guilt 
• PREADOLESCENCE: industriousness vs. inferiority
• ADOLESCENCE: gaining identity vs. confusion 
• YOUNG ADULTHOOD: intimacy vs. isolation 
• MIDDLE ADULTHOOD: making a difference vs. self-absorption 
• OLD AGE: integrity vs. despair

✩Jean Piaget: Cognitive Development  
Human cognition, how people think and understand. "The human mind is active and creative"

• SENSORIMOTOR STAGE: (0 - 2 years)
  Individuals experience the world only through sensory contact.
  -Knowledge is limited
  -Physical interactions
  -Learn through trial and error
• PREOPERATIONAL STAGE: (2 - 7 years)
  Individuals first use language and other symbols.
  -Begin to use language
  -Not logical
  -Memory and imagination developing
• CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE: (7 - 11 years)
  First perceive causal connection in their surrounding
  -Able to take the perspective of other people
• FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE: (12 years and on)
  Individuals think abstractly and critically.
  -The ability to think in hypothetical terms is also developed.
  

✩ B. F. Skinner: Behaviorism

Behavior is observable and measurable then objective and scientific, it's determined by factors in the environment.

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Reflection

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My favorite topic was "Family types" because it was something that I already known, but I didn't recognized it in different categories, is interesting the ways that a family can educate their children.
I'm very proud of my family, because I believe that we have the best "type of family" we help and love each other, our parents are authoritative, we are three daughters and one son, and they know how to control us, seeing ours points of view and respecting us. I'm so happy about that.
About the authoritarian parents,  I disproved them, they should take more care about their sons, giving them more love but not as much as the permissive parents do, I believe they are also wrong, you should love your sons and daughters but with limits, they just want to make everything, but they don't really know the consequences. The parents are the children's guide.
But at the  worst type of parent are the uninvolved parents, they don't deserve to be parents, the children need love and warmth, they need their guide. There are that cases when the parents works a lot and the don't have time for their children, it is understandable but still bad.

 The kids are here to be guided, 

 protected and loved by their parents.

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